turtle — Turtle graphics¶
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon in 1967.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an import turtle , give it the command turtle.forward(15) , and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command turtle.right(25) , and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple moves.
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn.
The turtle module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5.
It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with the -n switch.
The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses tkinter for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.
The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:
The TurtleScreen class defines graphics windows as a playground for the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a tkinter.Canvas or a ScrolledCanvas as argument. It should be used when turtle is used as part of some application.
The function Screen() returns a singleton object of a TurtleScreen subclass. This function should be used when turtle is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics. As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible.
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of the procedure-oriented interface.
RawTurtle (alias: RawPen ) defines Turtle objects which draw on a TurtleScreen . Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass Turtle (alias: Pen ), which draws on “the” Screen instance which is automatically created, if not already present.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the procedure-oriented interface.
The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes Screen and Turtle . They have the same names as the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.
To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given. Methods, of course, have the additional first argument self which is omitted here.
Как установить модуль turtle в python 3
Python Turtle
An educational environment for learning Python, suitable for beginners and children. Inspired by LOGO.
An Appealing Environment to Learn Python
PythonTurtle strives to provide the lowest-threshold way to learn Python. Students command an interactive Python shell (similar to the IDLE development environment) and use Python functions to move a turtle displayed on the screen.
An illustrated help screen introduces the student to the basics of Python programming while demonstrating how to move the turtle. Simplicity and a colorful visual appearance makes the learning environment more appealing to students.
Installation
Installers for Microsoft Windows and macOS are available from pythonturtle.org and GitHub.
On any GNU/Linux distribution: (after installing prerequisites from above)
If you’re into automation:
Ansible tasks for setting up PythonTurtle including a desktop shortcut for GNOME.
Troubleshooting
ImportError: libpng12.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Compatibility
Tested with Python version 3.6 and wxPython version 4.0.1. Reported to run on Windows, macOS, Ubuntu Linux, and Fedora.
Development
Build application bundles like this:
Please open a pull request for contributions or bug fixes. If you can, please also add tests.
About
This project is licensed under the MIT license.
PythonTurtle was created by Ram Rachum as a side-project in 2009. I also provide freelance Django/Python development services. I give Python workshops to teach people Python and related topics. (Hebrew website.)
How to draw a shape in python using Turtle (Turtle programming in Python)
Want to know more about Python Turtle? In this Python tutorial, we will discuss turtle programming in python and, we will see what is Python Turtle and how to use it in Python. Also, We will see the below topics as:
- What is Turtle in python?
- How to install turtle in python
- Python turtle methods
- Python turtle speed
- Python turtle speed fastest
- Change turtle size python
- Python turtle change pen size
- Change turtle shape python
- Python turtle screen size
- Python turtle how to set position
- Turtle onscreen click example python
- How to get coordinate of the screen in python turtle
- Change the screen title in python turtle
- Python turtle clear screen
- How to draw a square in python using turtle
- How to draw a rectangle in python using turtle
- How to draw a circle in python using turtle
- How to draw ellipse in python using turtle
- Code to draw a star in python turtle
- Draw a pentagon in python using turtle
- Draw a hexagon in python turtle
- Python program to draw Heptagon using turtle
- Draw octagon in python using turtle
- Draw a polygon in python using turtle
- Draw a dot in python using turtle
- Python draw tangent circles using turtle
- Python draw spiral circles using turtle
- Python draw concentric circles using turtle
- How to draw a spiral square in python turtle
- Draw spiral star in python turtle
- Draw a spiral triangle in python turtle
- Draw cube in python using turtle
- How to draw a grid in turtle python
- Python turtle graphics not responding
- Python turtle mainloop
- How to activate check if button is pressed on python turtle
What is Turtle in python?
- “Turtle” is a python feature like a drawing board, which allows you to command a turtle to draw all over it.
- We can use the function like turtle.forward(….) and turtle.left(….) which will move the turtle around.
- To use a turtle, we have to import it first.
- Just go to the python environment and type “import turtle”.
- The python turtle library contains all the methods and functions that we need to create an image.
How to install turtle in python
To install turtle in python, we have to run the below command in terminal:
Python turtle methods
Some of the mostly used methods are:
- forward() – It moves the turtle forward by the specified amount
- backward() – It moves the turtle backward by the specified amount
- right() – It turns the turtle clockwise direction
- left() – It turns the turtle anticlockwise direction
- penup() – It stops drawing of the turtle pen
- pendown() – It starts drawing of the turtle pen
- color() – It changes the color of the turtle pen
Python turtle speed
- The turtle.speed() method is used to change the speed of the turtle. We can pass the value of the argument that it takes. It will return or set the speed of the turtle.
- The speed lies in the range of 0-10.
- The speed values are in the following ways:
- fastest – 0
- fast – 10
- normal – 6
- slow – 3
- slowest – 1
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the turtle speed is “1” which is the slowest and it is moving forward by 100 units.
Python turtle speed fastest
The turtle.speed() method is used to change the speed of the turtle. We can pass the value of the argument that it takes. Here, the speed is “0” which is the fastest.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the turtle speed is “0” which is the fastest and it is moving forward by 200 units.
Change turtle size python
Here, we will see how we can change the turtle size in python
- To change the size of the turtle, we can increase or decrease the size of a turtle to make it bigger or smaller. This will only change the turtle size without affecting the output of the pen as it draws on the screen.
- The syntax used for changing the size of a turtle is “turtle.shapesize(stretch_width, stretch_length, outline)”.
Example:
In this output, we can see that we have used the “tr.shapesize(10,5,1)” for changing the size of the turtle and you can change size according to your preference. The new window will appear and you can see the turtle size is changed.
Python turtle change pen size
To increase or decrease the thickness of pen size we can use the “tr.pensize()”. Now you can see that the size of the pen is 4 times the original size.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the pen size is changed. The turtle will move forward by 200 units.
Change turtle shape python
As we know the initial shape of a turtle is not really a turtle, but a triangle shape. However, if you want to change the look of a turtle to any other shape like circle, square, arrow, etc then you can use “tr.shape(“square”)”.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the shape of the turtle is changed to a square.
How to move turtle with mouse in python turtle
- First, we need to “import turtle”. The function with two arguments, x and y will be assigned, the coordinates of the checked point on the canvas.
- The turtle.ondrag() is used to move the mouse on this turtle on canvas.
- The turtle.setheading(turtle.towards(x, y)) is used to move the turtle’s angle and direction towards x and y.
- Here, turtle.ondrag(func) is called again. To set turtle speed we have used “turtle.speed(10)”.
- The sc.setup(600, 600) is used to set the screen, and sc.mainloop() is used to take the screen in the mainloop.
Example:
In this output, we can see how to move the turtle with the mouse in the new window.
Python turtle screen size
The “turtle.screensize()” method is used to resize the canvas the turtle is drawing on. If no argument is given, the function returns the current (canvwidth, canvheight). Here I have taken (canvwidth=600, canvheight=600, bg=”blue”).
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the turtle screen size is changed and the color of the screen is blue.
Python turtle how to set position
Let’s see how to set position using turtle in Python
- Firstly, we will import turtle module. To create a screen object we will use “tr = turtle.Screen()”
- To change the color of the screen at any time, we can use the command “turtle.bgcolor(*args)”.
- The tr.setup(width=500, height=450, startx=0, starty=0) is used to set the size and position. We can change or set position by changing the startx and starty.
- Here, my startx and starty are set to “0”. So the position will be at the top of the screen.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears, and the position is set on the turtle graphics.
Turtle onscreen click example python
- Firstly, we will import the package turtle and random. And then we will make a list of colors.
- Now, we will define the method to call on the screen click. We have to set screen color randomly by using “scr.bgcolor(color[r])”.
- We have already seen that by default turtle always opens up the screen with a white background and using “turtle.onscreenclick(fun)” will bind the function to a mouse-click event.
- The above method is used to set the background with changing colors on clicking the turtle screen.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears, and whenever the user will click on the screen it changes the background color of the turtle graphic window randomly.
How to get coordinate of the screen in python turtle
- Firstly, we will import turtle module. The turtle () method is used to make objects.
- The turtle.onscreenclick(buttonclick,1) is used to send the coordinate to function and 1 is used for left click.
- Here, speed is used to increase or decrease the speed of the turtle.
- The listen() allows the server to listen to incoming connections.
Example:
In the below output, we can see that the new window appears and by clicking anywhere on the screen, we get the coordinate of the screen on a terminal.
Change the screen title in python turtle
The turtle.title() function is used to set the title of a turtle window. It requires only one argument as a string which will appear in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window. By default title of the turtle graphics window is “Python Turtle Graphics”.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the screen title is changed to “My turtle window”.
Python turtle clear screen
The turtle.clear() function is used to delete the turtle drawings from the screen. It does not require any argument.
Example:
In the below output, we can see that the new window appears.
How to draw a square in python using turtle
Let us discuss, how to draw a square in python using turtle.
- First, we need to “import turtle”.
- After importing we have all the turtle functionality available.
- We need to create a new drawing board and a turtle.
- Let’s call turtle as “tr”
- To move the turtle forward we have used “tr.forward()” and to move the turtle in right we used the “tr.right() method which will rotate in place.
- turtle.done() tells the compiler that the program ends.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the new window appears and the turtle as tr is moving forward and right by using the for loop.
How to draw a rectangle in python using turtle
Now, we will see how to draw a rectangle in python using turtle.
- Here, we have imported the turtle module. Now, let’s call turtle as “tr”
- The for loop is used to print the code number of times.
- To move the turtle forward we have used “tr.forward(300)” and it moves 300 pixels in the direction it is facing and to move the turtle in right we used the “tr.right(90) method which will rotate in place 90 degrees clockwise.
- turtle.done() tells the compiler that the program ends.
Example:
In this output, we can see the rectangle is drawn in the new window. The turtle tr is moving forward(300) pixels in the direction tr is facing and tr.right(90) it rotates in places 90 degrees clockwise.
How to draw a circle in python using turtle
Let’s draw a circle in python using turtle.
- To draw a circle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the circle() method.
- The circle method takes radius as an argument.
Example:
In this output, we can see the circle is drawn on the new drawing board. It draws the circle of radius of 80 units. You can refer to the below screenshot.
How to draw ellipse in python using turtle
Let’s draw ellipse in python using turtle.
- To draw an ellipse, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will define a function.
- The for loop is used to draw an ellipse. Divide the ellipse and tilt the shape to negative “45”.
- Call the draw method at the end.
Example:
In this output, we can see the ellipse is drawn on the new drawing board. You can refer to the below screenshot.
How to draw a star in Python turtle
Let us see how to draw a star in Python using Turtle.
- To draw a star, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 80 units and then it turns towards the right by144 degrees.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the star is drawn on the new drawing board. Also, we have to remember that we have to turn the turtle by 144 degrees only. If you turn it to other angles then you will not be able to draw the star.
Draw a pentagon in Python using turtle
Let us discuss, how to draw a pentagon in Python using turtle.
- To draw a pentagon in python using turtle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 80 units and then it turns towards the right by72 degrees clockwise.
- An exterior angle of a polygon is 360/(number of sides). So, for the pentagon, it will be 72.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the pentagon is drawn on the new drawing board. The exterior angle of a pentagon is 72 degrees and the statement are repeated 5 times to obtain a pentagon.
Draw a hexagon in Python turtle
Let us see how to draw a hexagon in Python turtle.
- To draw a hexagon in python using turtle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 100 units assuming the side of hexagon and then it turns towards the right by 60 degrees clockwise.
- An exterior angle of a polygon is 360/(number of sides). So, for the hexagon , it will be 60.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the hexagon is drawn on the new drawing board. The exterior angle of a hexagon is 60 degrees and the statement are repeated 6 times to obtain a hexagon.
Python program to draw Heptagon using turtle
Let us see how to draw Heptagon using turtle in Python?
- To draw a heptagon in python using turtle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 100 units assuming the side of heptagon, and then it turns towards the right by51.42 degrees clockwise.
- An exterior angle of a polygon is 360/(number of sides). So, for the heptagon , it will be 51.42.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the heptagon is drawn on the new drawing board. The exterior angle of a heptagon is 51.42 degrees and the statement is repeated 7 times to obtain a heptagon.
Draw octagon in Python using turtle
Here, we will see how to draw octagon in Python using turtle?
- To draw a octagon in python using turtle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 100 units assuming the side of octagon and then it turns towards the right by45 degrees clockwise.
- An exterior angle of a polygon is 360/(number of sides). So, for the octagon , it will be 45.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the octagon is drawn on the new drawing board. The exterior angle of an octagon is 45 degrees and the statement are repeated 8 times to obtain an octagon.
Draw a polygon in python using turtle
Let’s see how to draw a polygon in python using turtle?
- To draw a polygon in python using turtle, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the for loop to print the code number of times.
- Here, the turtle will move forward by 100 units assuming the side of the polygon and then it turns towards the right by40 degrees clockwise.
- An exterior angle of a polygon is 360/(number of sides). So, for the polygon, it will be 40.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the polygon is drawn on the new drawing board. The exterior angle of an polygon is 40 degrees and the statement are repeated 9 times to obtain a polygon.
Draw a dot in python using turtle
Let’s how to draw a dot in Python using turtle?
- To draw a dot, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the dot() method.
- The number within the bracket is the diameter of the dot.
- We can increase or decrease the size by changing the value of the diameter, here d=30.
Example:
In this output, we can see the dot is drawn on the new drawing board. It draw a dot which is filled in circle and the size of dot can be changed by changing the diameter. You can refer to the below screenshot.
Python draw tangent circles using turtle
Let’s see how to draw a tangent circles using turtle in Python?
- A tangent circles will have more than one circle having one point of intersection is called tangent.
- To draw a tangent circles, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the circle() method.
- Here, for loop is used for printing the tangent circle. This loop will start from 0 and will repeat till the given range-1.
Example:
In this output, we can see the tangent circles is drawn on the new drawing board. The turtle reaches the same point from where it has started drawing the circle. This circle will repeat one less then the given range to obtain tangent circles.
Python draw spiral circles using turtle
Now, we will see how to draw spiral circles using turtle in Python?
- A spiral circles with varying radius are called spiral.
- To draw a spiral circles, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the circle() method.
- Here, the initial radius is 10 and for loop is used for spiral circle. This loop will start from 0 and will repeat till the given range.
- Also, we have passed 45 as a central angle, and it will be repeated 100 times to obtain spiral circles.
Example:
In this output, we can see the spiral circles is drawn on the new drawing board and it is repeated 100 times to obtain spiral circle.
Python draw concentric circles using turtle
Let’s see how to draw a concentric circles using turtle in Python?
- A circles with different radius having a common center are called concentric circles.
- To draw a concentric circles, we have to use the module called import turtle, and then we will use the circle() method.
- The for loop is used for printing the concentric circles.
- Here, we have picked up the turtle pen and set the y coordinate of turtle pen to -1 times 10*i. After that we have put down the pen.
- This will be repeated 30 times to obtain concentric circles.
Example:
In this output, we can see the concentric circle is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
How to draw a spiral square in python turtle
Let us see how we can draw a spiral square in python turtle
- To draw a spiral square, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- Here, the length of the side is assigned to variable s. And s = 200 and for loop is used and that loop uses forward() and right() function of turtle module.
- The spiral is made by reducing the length of the side by a fixed number in each iteration. After that, reduce the length of a side.
Example:
In this output, we can see the spiral square is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
Draw spiral star in python turtle
- To draw a spiral star, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- Here, the length of the side is assigned to variable s. And s = 200 and for loop is used and that loop uses forward() and right() function of turtle module.
- The spiral star is made by reducing the length of the side by a fixed number in each iteration. After that, reduce the length of a side.
Example:
In this output, we can see the spiral star is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
Draw a spiral triangle in python turtle
- To draw a spiral triangle, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- Here, the length of the side is assigned to variable s. And s = 200 and for loop is used and that loop uses forward() and right() function of turtle module.
- The spiral triangle is made by reducing the length of the side by a fixed number in each iteration. After that, reduce the length of the side using “s=s-3”.
Example:
In this output, we can see the spiral triangle is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
Draw cube in python using turtle
- To draw a cube in python, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- The for loop is used to iterate for forming the front square face.
- To move the turtle, we have used the function forward() and backward().
- To move the turtle bottom left side we have used “pen.goto(50,50)”
- Again for loop is used for forming the back square face. Also, we have used “pen.goto(150,50)” and “pen.goto(100,0)” for bottom right side.
- And for top right side we have used “pen.goto(100,100)” and “pen.goto(150,150)”. For top left side we have used “pen.goto(50,150)” and “pen.goto(0,100)”.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the cube is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
How to draw a grid in turtle python
- To draw a grid in turtle python, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- Set the screen by using “scr=turtle.Screen()” and then make the objects.
- For drawing the y-axis line we will define a function and then draw a line using the forward method.
- Now, set the position by using “tr.setpos(value,300)” and then backward is used for another line.
- For drawing the x-axis lines we will again define a function.
- Now, we will label the graph grid by defining a function and setting the position.
Example:
In this output, we can see a grid is drawn on the new drawing board in Python.
Python turtle graphics not responding
In python turtle, we can face the problem called “python turtle graphics not responding” and eventually the program will end with no graphics output.
Example:
By running the above code, we can see that the turtle window will not get opened. To solve this problem refer to below example.
Example:
This problem occurs because at the end of the code we have to say “turtle.done()” when you are done otherwise you will not get the turtle graphic screen.
You can refer to the below screenshot, and now you will be able to see the turtle graphics screen by using the above code.
Python turtle mainloop
The mainloop in python turtle make sure that the program continues to run. It is the last statement in the turtle graphics program.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the backward line is drawn for the interactive use of turtle graphics and the program continues to run.
How to activate check if button is pressed on python turtle
- To activate the check in python, we have to use the module called import turtle.
- Now, we will define a function “def fun(x,y)”.
- Here, turtle.onclick(fun) is used to bind the function to a mouse click event on the turtle. When the user will click on the turtle then it will perform the action.
Example:
In this output, we can see that the line is drawn in a forward direction, and when we will click on the turtle then it will move again, and so on.
You can refer to below output, to activate check if button is pressed on python turtle.
You may like the following Python tutorials:
In this tutorial we have learned about how to draw a different shape in python using turtle and also we saw Turtle programming in Python, also we have covered these topics:
- What is Turtle in python?
- How to install turtle in python
- Python turtle methods
- Python turtle speed
- Python turtle speed fastest
- Change turtle size python
- Python turtle change pen size
- Change turtle shape python
- Python turtle screen size
- Python turtle how to set position
- Turtle onscreen click example python
- How to get coordinate of the screen in python turtle
- Change the screen title in python turtle
- Python turtle clear screen
- How to draw a square in python using turtle
- How to draw a rectangle in python using turtle
- How to draw a circle in python using turtle
- How to draw ellipse in python using turtle
- Code to draw a star in python turtle
- Draw a pentagon in python using turtle
- Draw a hexagon in python turtle
- Python program to draw Heptagon using turtle
- Draw octagon in python using turtle
- Draw a polygon in python using turtle
- Draw a dot in python using turtle
- Python draw tangent circles using turtle
- Python draw spiral circles using turtle
- Python draw concentric circles using turtle
- How to draw a spiral square in python turtle
- Draw spiral star in python turtle
- Draw a spiral triangle in python turtle
- Draw cube in python using turtle
- How to draw a grid in turtle python
- Python turtle graphics not responding
- Python turtle mainloop
- How to activate check if button is pressed on python turtle
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черепаха-графика черепахи
Графика черепах-популярный способ познакомить детей с программированием.Она была частью оригинального языка программирования Logo,разработанного Уолли Ферзейгом,Сеймуром Папертом и Синтией Соломон в 1967 году.
Представьте себе роботизированную черепаху, начинающуюся с точки (0, 0) в плоскости xy. После import turtle дайте ей команду turtle.forward(15) , и она переместится (на экране!) На 15 пикселей в направлении, в котором смотрит, рисуя линию при движении. Дайте ему команду turtle.right(25) , и он повернется на месте на 25 градусов по часовой стрелке.
Черепаха может рисовать сложные фигуры с помощью программ,которые повторяют простые движения.
from turtle import * color( ‘red’ , ‘yellow’ ) begin_fill() while True : forward( 200 ) left( 170 ) if abs (pos()) < 1 : break end_fill() done()
Комбинируя эти и подобные команды,можно легко нарисовать замысловатые формы и рисунки.
Модуль turtle — это расширенная реализация одноименного модуля из стандартного дистрибутива Python до версии Python 2.5.
Он пытается сохранить достоинства старого модуля turtle и быть (почти) на 100% совместимым с ним. Это означает, в первую очередь, чтобы дать возможность обучающемуся программисту использовать все команды, классы и методы в интерактивном режиме при использовании модуля из IDLE, запущенного с ключом -n .
Модуль turtle предоставляет примитивы графики turtle как объектно-ориентированным, так и процедурно-ориентированным способами. Поскольку он использует tkinter для базовой графики, ему нужна версия Python, установленная с поддержкой Tk.
Объектно-ориентированный интерфейс использует по существу два+два класса:
Класс TurtleScreen определяет графические окна как игровую площадку для рисования черепашек. Его конструктору требуется tkinter.Canvas или ScrolledCanvas в качестве аргумента. Его следует использовать, когда turtle используется как часть какого-либо приложения.
Функция Screen() возвращает одноэлементный объект подкласса TurtleScreen . Эту функцию следует использовать, когда turtle используется как самостоятельный инструмент для создания графики. Поскольку это одноэлементный объект, наследование от его класса невозможно.
Все методы TurtleScreen/Screen также существуют как функции,т.е.как часть процедурно-ориентированного интерфейса.
RawTurtle (псевдоним: RawPen ) определяет объекты Turtle, которые рисуются на TurtleScreen . Его конструктору требуется Canvas, ScrolledCanvas или TurtleScreen в качестве аргумента, чтобы объекты RawTurtle знали, где рисовать.
Производным от RawTurtle является подкласс Turtle (псевдоним: Pen ), который рисует на «экземпляре» Screen , который создается автоматически, если еще не существует.
Все методы RawTurtle/Turtle также существуют в виде функций,т.е.являются частью интерфейса,ориентированного на процедуру.
Процедурный интерфейс предоставляет функции, производные от методов классов Screen и Turtle . Они имеют те же имена, что и соответствующие методы. Экранный объект создается автоматически всякий раз, когда вызывается функция, производная от метода Screen. (Безымянный) объект черепахи автоматически создается всякий раз, когда вызывается любая из функций, производных от метода черепахи.
Для использования нескольких черепах на экране необходимо использовать объектно-ориентированный интерфейс.
В следующей документации приводится список аргументов для функций. У методов, конечно же, есть дополнительный первый аргумент self, который здесь опускается.
Обзор доступных методов «Черепаха» и «Экран
Turtle methods
Методы TurtleScreen/Экран черепахи
Методы RawTurtle/Turtle и соответствующие функции
Большинство примеров в этом разделе относятся к экземпляру Turtle с именем turtle .
Turtle motion
расстояние – число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Переместите черепаху вперед на указанное расстояние в том направлении, в котором она движется.
turtle.back(distance) turtle.bk(distance) turtle.backward(distance) Parameters
расстояние — число
Переместите черепаху назад на расстояние , противоположное направлению движения черепахи. Не меняйте направление черепахи.
turtle.right(angle) turtle.rt(angle) Parameters
угол – число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Поверните черепаху вправо на угловые единицы. (Единицами измерения по умолчанию являются градусы, но их можно установить с помощью функций Degrees degrees() и radians() .) Ориентация угла зависит от режима черепахи, см. mode() .
turtle.left(angle) turtle.lt(angle) Parameters
угол – число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Поверните черепаху влево на угловые единицы. (Единицами измерения по умолчанию являются градусы, но их можно установить с помощью функций Degrees degrees() и radians() .) Ориентация угла зависит от режима черепахи, см. mode() .
- x – число или пара/вектор чисел
- y — число или None
Если y равно None , x должен быть парой координат или Vec2D (например, возвращаемым функцией pos() ).
Переместите черепашку в абсолютное положение.Если перо опущено,нарисуйте линию.Не изменяйте ориентацию черепахи.
x – число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Установите первую координату черепахи на x , вторую координату оставьте без изменений.
y — число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Установите вторую координату черепахи на y , первую координату оставьте без изменений.
turtle.setheading(to_angle) turtle.seth(to_angle) Parameters
to_angle – число (целое или с плавающей запятой)
Установите ориентацию черепахи на to_angle . Вот несколько общих направлений в градусах:
Переместите черепашку в исходную точку — координаты (0,0) — и установите ее заголовок в исходную ориентацию (которая зависит от режима, см. mode() ).
- радиус — число
- степень – число (или None )
- шаги — целое число (или None )
Нарисуйте окружность заданного радиуса . Центр — это единицы радиуса слева от черепахи; экстент – угол – определяет, какая часть круга будет нарисована. Если размер не указан, нарисуйте весь круг. Если экстент не является полным кругом, одной конечной точкой дуги будет текущая позиция пера. Нарисуйте дугу против часовой стрелки, если радиус положительный, иначе по часовой стрелке. Наконец, направление черепахи изменяется на величину экстента .
Поскольку круг аппроксимируется вписанным правильным многоугольником, шаги определяют количество используемых шагов. Если не указан, он будет рассчитан автоматически. Может использоваться для рисования правильных многоугольников.
- размер — целое число >= 1 (если задано)
- color – строка цвета или числовой кортеж цвета
Нарисуйте круглую точку с размером диаметра , используя цвет . Если размер не указан, используется максимум pensize + 4 и 2 * pensize.
Нанесите копию фигуры черепахи на холст в текущем положении черепахи. Верните параметр stamp_id для этого штампа, который можно использовать для его удаления, вызвав clearstamp(stamp_id) .
stampid — целое число, должно быть возвращаемым значением предыдущего вызова stamp()
Удалить штамп с данным штампом .
n – целое число (или None )
Удалить все или первые/последние n марок черепахи. Если n равно None , удалите все марки, если n > 0, удалите первые n марок, иначе, если n < 0, удалите последние n марок.
Отмените (несколько раз)последнее черепашье действие (действия).Количество доступных действий по отмене определяется размером отбраковки.
скорость – целое число в диапазоне 0..10 или строка скорости (см. ниже)
Установить скорость черепахи в целочисленное значение в диапазоне 0. 10.Если аргумент не указан,возвращает текущую скорость.
Если на входе число больше 10 или меньше 0,5,то частота вращения устанавливается на 0.Строки частоты вращения отображаются на значения частоты вращения следующим образом:
- “fastest”: 0
- “fast”: 10
- “normal”: 6
- “slow”: 3
- “slowest”: 1
Скорости от 1 до 10 обеспечивают все более быструю анимацию рисования линий и разворота черепах.
Внимание: скорость = 0 означает , что нет анимации не происходит. вперед / назад заставляет черепаху прыгать, и аналогично влево / вправо черепаха мгновенно поворачивается.
Рисуем героя из Among Us / Библиотека Python Turtle
Библиотека Turtle позволяет быстро рисовать разнообразные фигуры при помощи незамысловатых методов. В ходе статьи мы выполним построение главного персонажа из игры Among Us.
Библиотека Turtle
Рассказывать про игру Among Us мы не будем, но вместо этого немного расскажем относительно библиотеки Turtle.
Графика с черепахой (Turtle с англ. – черепаха) – популярный способ познакомить детей с программированием. Представьте себе роботизированную черепаху, начинающуюся с точки (0, 0) в плоскости x-y. Именно такая черепаха есть в этой библиотеки. Вы можете передвигать её и в зависимости от ее передвижения будут создаваться объекты любых форм.
Библиотека имеет набор очень простых методов, что можно использовать для создания различных рисунков.
Установка Turtle
Для установки Turtle вам потребуется пакетный менеджер PIP, что предоставляется вместе с самим языком Python. Создайте проект в любом IDE, например в PyCharm, и далее через терминал выполните установку библиотеки PythonTurtle .
Для тех кто на Linux, то вам нужно прописать дополнительные команды, что представлены на странице с PythonTurtle .
Создание проекта
Ниже представлен код готового приложения на Turtle. Если нужно больше информации, то просмотрите обучающее видео в конце этой статьи.
Видео на эту тему
Детальный разбор Turtle вы можете просмотреть на видео ниже. В видео уроке показан полный разбор библиотеки и её возможностей.
Дополнительный курс
На нашем сайте также есть углубленный курс по изучению языка Питон . В ходе огромной программы вы изучите не только язык Питон, но также научитесь создавать веб сайты за счёт веб технологий и фреймворка Джанго. За курс вы изучите массу нового и к концу программы будете уметь работать с языком Питон, создавать на нём полноценные ПК приложения на основе библиотеки Kivy, а также создавать веб сайты на основе библиотеки Джанго.
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